{"id":2199,"date":"2020-02-16T16:10:22","date_gmt":"2020-02-16T15:10:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/?p=2199"},"modified":"2022-02-12T15:05:20","modified_gmt":"2022-02-12T14:05:20","slug":"joseph-bertrand","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/16\/joseph-bertrand\/","title":{"rendered":"Joseph Bertrand"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Bertrand<\/span>, <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Joseph<\/span>, Louis, Fran\u00e7ois, math\u00e9maticien, \u00e9conomiste et historien des sciences fran\u00e7ais, n\u00e9 \u00e0 Paris le 11 mars 1822*, d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 Paris le 3 avril 1900.<\/p>\r\n<!--more-->\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Enfant prodige, Bachelier, licenci\u00e9 et docteur \u00e8s-sciences entre onze et dix-sept ans, polytechnicien (1839), agr\u00e9g\u00e9 de math\u00e9matiques, Bertrand, fr\u00e8re d\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/16\/alexandre-bertrand\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Alexandre<\/a>, fut professeur au lyc\u00e9e Saint-Louis, puis \u00e0 Polytechnique, ma\u00eetre de conf\u00e9rences \u00e0 Normale puis professeur au Coll\u00e8ge de France \u00e0 partir de 1862. Il fut membre de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des sciences (1856) et fut \u00e9lu \u00e0 l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise en 1884.\r\nJoseph Bertrand se trouva m\u00eal\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019Affaire bien malgr\u00e9 lui suite \u00e0 l\u2019attaque dont il fut l\u2019objet par <a href=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/01\/07\/maurice-barres\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Barr\u00e8s<\/a> qui lui reprocha par erreur, le confondant avec son fr\u00e8re, la signature qu\u2019il n\u2019avait pas donn\u00e9e aux <a href=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/01\/05\/premiere-protestation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">protestations de janvier<\/a>. Au passage, et pour porter sa critique, Barr\u00e8s \u00e9voquait le <em>Blaise Pascal <\/em>(Paris, Calmann-L\u00e9vy, 1891) de \u00ab\u00a0ce brillant intellectuel qu\u2019il faut d\u00e9clarer tout au moins d\u00e9pourvu de clairvoyance psychologique\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0ouvrage tout \u00e0 fait nul et l\u2019\u0153uvre d\u2019un esprit frivole, incapable de se fixer\u00a0\u00bb et qui selon lui prouvait bien \u00ab\u00a0que le fait de si\u00e9ger dans une Acad\u00e9mie des sciences ne pr\u00e9juge aucune autorit\u00e9 particuli\u00e8re pour r\u00e9viser les travaux d\u2019un conseil de guerre\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Qu\u2019il laisse les hommes, celui-l\u00e0, et qu\u2019il \u00e9tudie les math\u00e9matiques\u00a0\u00bb (<a href=\"https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k7618177h\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00ab\u00a0La protestation des intellectuels\u00a0!\u00a0\u00bb, <em>Le Journal<\/em>, 1<sup>er<\/sup> f\u00e9vrier 1898<\/a>).\r\n\u00ab\u00a0[E]ncore ind\u00e9cis\u00a0\u00bb \u00e0 ce moment, raison pour laquelle il n\u2019avait rien sign\u00e9, il avait \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0<em>aussit\u00f4t<\/em> [soulign\u00e9 quatre fois] convaincu\u00a0\u00bb par <a href=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/01\/07\/joseph-reinach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Reinach<\/a> quand ce dernier lui avait soumis la correspondance <a href=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/01\/12\/general-arthur-gonse\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gonse<\/a>&#8211;<a href=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/01\/05\/lieutenant-colonel-george-picquart\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Picquart<\/a> (lettre de Reinach \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/01\/10\/fernand-labori\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Labori<\/a>, sans date, <a href=\"https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/btv1b6000748x\/f282.item\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">BNF n.a.fr. 28046 (31), f. 141<\/a>). Et s\u2019il signa la p\u00e9tition mod\u00e9r\u00e9e demandant l\u2019ajournement du <a href=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/20\/proces-picquart\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">proc\u00e8s Picquart<\/a> (<a href=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/16\/un-voeu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00ab&nbsp;Un v\u0153u&nbsp;\u00bb<\/a>, <em>Le Temps <\/em>du 6 d\u00e9cembre 1898), il avait, quelques jours plus t\u00f4t, le 1<sup>er<\/sup> d\u00e9cembre, \u00e9crit \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/02\/15\/jules-claretie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Claretie<\/a> apr\u00e8s avoir lu sa \u00ab&nbsp;vie \u00e0 Paris&nbsp;\u00bb qui rendait hommage \u00e0 l\u2019ancien chef de la Section de statistique, pour lui dire que si lui aussi faisait partie de \u00ab&nbsp;ceux qui comprennent Picquart et qui l\u2019admirent, de ceux aussi qui, sans comprendre l\u2019aveuglement de ses ennemis, veulent se borner \u00e0 les plaindre&nbsp;\u00bb, il voulait consid\u00e9rer le <a href=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/04\/03\/general-emile-zurlinden\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">g\u00e9n\u00e9ral Zurlinden<\/a> comme \u00e9tant \u00ab&nbsp;aujourd\u2019hui, plus encore que Picquart, poursuivi par le bl\u00e2me et condamn\u00e9 par l\u2019indignation des juges, plus nombreux peut-\u00eatre et non moins consciencieux que les accusateurs de Picquart&nbsp;\u00bb (<a href=\"https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k235839d\/f2.image\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00ab&nbsp;L\u2019affaire Dreyfus&nbsp;\u00bb, <em>Le Temps<\/em>, 3 d\u00e9cembre 1898<\/a>). Une d\u00e9claration qui lui vaudra d\u2019\u00eatre pris \u00e0 parti par <a href=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/01\/29\/pierre-quillard\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pierre Quillard<\/a> qui, dans un meeting, d\u00e9clarera refuser \u00ab\u00a0de s\u2019associer \u00e0 l\u2019opinion de ce membre de l\u2019Institut, \u00e0 moins que M. Bertrand n\u2019ait, pour la circonstance, emprunt\u00e9 \u00e0 M. Barr\u00e8s ses proc\u00e9d\u00e9s d\u2019ironie sup\u00e9rieure\u00a0\u00bb (<a href=\"https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k701779p\/f2.image.r=quillard\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00ab\u00a0Vive Picquart\u00a0!\u00a0\u00bb, <em>L\u2019Aurore<\/em>, 4 d\u00e9cembre<\/a>).\r\nSollicit\u00e9 pour donner son nom \u00e0 la toute nouvelle <a href=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/index.php\/2020\/01\/07\/ligue-de-la-patrie-francaise\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ligue de la patrie fran\u00e7aise<\/a>, il expliquera, le mois suivant, interrog\u00e9 par <em>Le Temps<\/em>, les raisons pour lesquelles il avait refus\u00e9 d\u2019en signer l\u2019appel&nbsp;:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[\u2026] il ne paraissait pas clair. Avant de donner mon adh\u00e9sion, j\u2019aurais voulu savoir, tout naturellement, ce que souhaitaient les promoteurs de cette ligue, et cela de fa\u00e7on certaine&nbsp;; je voulais conna\u00eetre leur programme, leur but.\r\nOr, l\u2019appel soumis aux signataires ne dit rien de net et de pr\u00e9cis, ce qui suffisait, \u00e0 mon avis, pour motiver une abstention. Mais je n\u2019ai rien pu apprendre davantage, malgr\u00e9 diverses conversations avec plus de vingt tr\u00e8s honorables interlocuteurs. Dans ces conditions, j\u2019ai cru qu\u2019il ne m\u2019\u00e9tait pas permis d\u2019approuver par ma signature une ligue que je ne comprenais pas.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Et \u00e0 la question de savoir s\u2019il ne suffisait pas de savoir que le but de la nouvelle ligue \u00e9tait de d\u00e9fendre l\u2019arm\u00e9e, Bertrand r\u00e9pondait&nbsp;:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Croyez-vous donc que l\u2019arm\u00e9e que j\u2019aime et respecte profond\u00e9ment que l\u2019arm\u00e9e soit \u00e0 ce point attaqu\u00e9e qu\u2019il faille la d\u00e9fendre&nbsp;? Et, fall\u00fbt-il la d\u00e9fendre, \u00e9tait-ce un moyen efficace que cette manifestation propos\u00e9e&nbsp;? J\u2019aurais examin\u00e9 cela sans doute, mais encore e\u00fbt-il fallu qu\u2019on m\u2019expos\u00e2t clairement \u00e0 quelles attaques il convenait de r\u00e9pondre, et comment on comptait y r\u00e9pondre.\r\nParlant au seul point de vue personnel, je vous avouerai que je suis hostile \u00e0 toute proclamation imprudente ou simplement inutile. Je garde pour habitude de n\u2019intervenir dans les affaires publiques, qui ne sont point de mon ressort, que lorsque cela devient un devoir imp\u00e9rieux et n\u00e9cessaire. Mais je tiens pour bon qu\u2019avant d\u2019approuver tel acte ou tel fait il importe de les bien conna\u00eetre, il convient de savoir tr\u00e8s exactement pourquoi, comment on agit soi-m\u00eame, et j\u2019ai pour principe que nous ne devons jamais nous engager \u00e0 la l\u00e9g\u00e8re dans de vaines manifestations.\r\nJe vous le r\u00e9p\u00e8te et je r\u00e9sume mes raisons dans ces seuls mots&nbsp;: J\u2019aime ce qui est net et pr\u00e9cis&nbsp;; or l\u00e0, ne voyant pas clair, je me suis abstenu&nbsp;\u00bb (<a href=\"https:\/\/gallica.bnf.fr\/ark:\/12148\/bpt6k235880q\/f2.item\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">\u00ab&nbsp;La ligue pour la patrie fran\u00e7aise&nbsp;\u00bb, <em>Le Temps<\/em>, 9 janvier 1899<\/a>).<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bertrand n&rsquo;aura plus \u00e0 intervenir dans l&rsquo;Affaire. En d\u00e9cembre 1899, sa sant\u00e9 se d\u00e9gradera rapidement et il mourra en avril suivant.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;\">Sources et bibliographie&nbsp;: on pourra consulter son dossier de la L\u00e9gion d\u2019honneur sous la cote\u00a0: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.leonore.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr\/ui\/notice\/32214\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">LH\/218\/40<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\r\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"align&nbsp;:\"right\",\"customFontSize&nbsp;:10} -->\r\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right\" style=\"font-size: 10px; text-align: right;\"><em>Philippe Oriol<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div id=\"attachment_7663\" style=\"width: 623px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7663\" class=\"wp-image-7663 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Bertrand-Joseph-613x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"613\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Bertrand-Joseph-613x1024.jpeg 613w, https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Bertrand-Joseph-180x300.jpeg 180w, https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Bertrand-Joseph-768x1284.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Bertrand-Joseph-919x1536.jpeg 919w, https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Bertrand-Joseph-624x1043.jpeg 624w, https:\/\/dicoaffairedreyfus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Bertrand-Joseph.jpeg 937w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 613px) 100vw, 613px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-7663\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">BNF<\/p><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Bertrand, Joseph, Louis, Fran\u00e7ois, math\u00e9maticien, \u00e9conomiste et historien des sciences fran\u00e7ais, n\u00e9 \u00e0 Paris le 11 mars 1822*, d\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 Paris le 3 avril 1900.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[399,80,104,384,383],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2199","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-economiste","category-historien","category-mathematicien","category-paris","category-seine"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.1 - 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